Volkameria inermis
(L.) Gaertner
Mangrove clerodendrum
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Summary
Source: WikipediaVolkameria inermis, commonly known as Indian privet, seaside Clerodendrum and scrambling Clerodendrum, among other names, is a species of flowering plant in the mint and sage family Lamiaceae, found in mangrove shores and coastal forests of Australia, Asia, Malesia and the Pacific islands. It is a vine or shrub, and was first described in 1788. In Australia it is treated as Clerodendrum inermis. It is also naturalised in Tunisia, north of Africa.
Description
An evergreen scrambling shrub. It grows to 2-5 m high and spreads to 2 m across. It can be a bushy climber. The stem is erect and branching. The bark is smooth and mottled cream-brown. The leaves are glossy green, and tapering. The leaf blade is 4-12 cm long by 1-5 cm wide. They have a small pointed tip. The leaf stalk is long. The flowers are white and like tubes 4-5 cm long and 2 cm across. They have 5 spreading lobes. The stamens are purple, about 3 cm long and protrude out the end. The flowers have a sweet smell and occur in clusters. These are normally at the ends of new shoots. The fruit is round and 1-2 cm across. There are cup shaped lobes at the base. The fruit are purple black when ripe.
Edible Uses
The fruit is eaten.
Traditional Uses
The fruit is eaten.
This uses section is brief — help expand it
Medicinal Uses
Its parts has many medical properties. The seeds and roots are used to treat venom from bitten by some fish and other marine animals.
Distribution
A tropical plant. It prefers rich, well drained soil. It grows best in a sheltered, partly shaded position but also likes sun. It is drought and frost tender. It occurs naturally in coastal regions and in monsoon vine forests. Often it is on old sand dunes and near mangroves. It can tolerate being flooded with salty water. Adelaide Botanical Gardens.
Where It Grows
Asia, Australia, East Timor, Fiji, India, Indochina, Indonesia, Kiribati, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Pacific, Papua New Guinea, PNG, SE Asia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga,
Cultivation
Plants can be grown from seed or cuttings. Plants can be kept bushy by regular pruning.
Propagation
Seed - Softwood cuttings Cuttings of half-ripe wood Root cuttings Division of suckers
Other Uses
An exquisite perfume is said to be derived from the flowers. Plant extracts have shown interesting activity against various mold fungi and plant pathogens. An essential oil has shown antifungal activity against fungi in the genera Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Cunninghamella. Leaf extracts sprayed on tobacco plants early in the season at a dilution of 1:1000 gave good protection against tobacco mosaic virus. Infection of tobacco plants by chlorotic mottle bromovirus was completely inhibited when aqueous leaf extracts were mixed with the virus inoculum. A petroleum ether extract of the leaves at 0.5% gave 93% seed protection against the pulse beetle Callosobrunchus chinensis. In addition, a methanol extract of the plant showed 90% activity against the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens). The plant is tough - it takes trimming well, and hence, is commonly used as a hedge plant in India. The plant is often grown on beaches in order to control erosion.
Production
Plants flower in February to September and fruit April to July.
Other Information
The fruit are not particularly attractive.
Notes
Leaves have been used to treat sores, by rubbing on them. There are about 400 Clerodendrum species.
Synonyms
Also Known As
Anjali, Banjai, Batraj, Etipisinika, Kembang lugang, Kundali, Lanjai, Limau lelang, Melati utan, Nirnochi, Nyitakkali, Pinarichanganguppi, Sangkupi, Scrambling clerodendrum, Takkolakamu, Te inato, Terong gambul, Tulang-tulang, Vanajai, Wulej
References (24)
- Ambasta, S.P. (Ed.), 2000, The Useful Plants of India. CSIR India. p 132 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- Bodkin, F., 1991, Encyclopedia Botanica. Cornstalk publishing, p 266 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- Brock, J., 1993, Native Plants of Northern Australia, Reed. p 123 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- Burkill, I.H., 1966, A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Vol 1 (A-H) p 592 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- Calvert, G., 2010, The Burdekin Delta Tree Guide. Lower Burdekin Landcare Association., Inc., Ayr p 55 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
Show all 24 references Hide references
- Cherikoff V. & Isaacs, J., The Bush Food Handbook. How to gather, grow, process and cook Australian Wild Foods. Ti Tree Press, Australia p 198 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- Cooper, W. and Cooper, W., 2004, Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest. Nokomis Editions, Victoria, Australia. p 234 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- Cowie, I, 2006, A Survey of Flora and vegetation of the proposed Jaco-Tutuala-Lore National Park. Timor-Lests (East Timor) www.territorystories.nt/gov.au p 55 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- Cribb, A.B. & J.W., 1976, Wild Food in Australia, Fontana. p 25 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- Elliot, W.R., & Jones, D.L., 1984, Encyclopedia of Australian Plants suitable for cultivation. Vol 3. Lothian. p 49 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- Fruct. sem. pl. 1:271. 1788 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- Hibbert, M., 2002, The Aussie Plant Finder 2002, Florilegium. p 70 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- Jackes, B.R., 2001, Plants of the Tropics. Rainforest to Heath. An Identification Guide. James Cook University. p 57 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- Jones, D.L. & Gray, B., 1977, Australian Climbing Plants. Reed. p 92 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- Leiper, G & Houser, J., Mutooroo. Plant Use by Australian Aboriginal People. Assembly press, Queensland. (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- Lord, E.E., & Willis, J.H., 1999, Shrubs and Trees for Australian gardens. Lothian. p 157 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- McMakin, P.D., 2000, Flowering Plants of Thailand. A Field Guide. White Lotus. p 80 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- Paczkowska, G . & Chapman, A.R., 2000, The Western Australian Flora. A Descriptive Catalogue. Western Australian Herbarium. p 566 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- Peekel, P.G., 1984, (Translation E.E.Henty), Flora of the Bismarck Archipelago for Naturalists, Division of Botany, Lae, PNG. p 483, 484 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- Smith, A.C., 1991, Flora Vitiensis Nova, Lawaii, Kuai, Hawaii, Volume 5 p 208 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- Thaman, R. R., 1987, Plants of Kiribati: A listing and analysis of vernacular names. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 296 (As Clerodendrum inermevar. oceanicum)
- Townsend, K., 1994, Across the Top. Gardening with Australian Plants in the tropics. Society for Growing Australian Plants, Townsville Branch Inc. p 136 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- Wheeler, J.R.(ed.), 1992, Flora of the Kimberley Region. CALM, Western Australian Herbarium, p 788 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
- Yuncker, T.G., 1959, Plants of Tonga, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Hawaii, Bulletin 220. p 233 (As Clerodendrum inerme)
