Flueggea virosa
(Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle
White Raisin, White Currant Bush
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(c) Cheng-Tao Lin, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Cheng-Tao Lin
Description
A small shrub. It normally has many stems. The bark is reddish-brown. It grows 2-6 m high and spreads 1-2 m wide. It loses its leaves during the dry season. The branches are angular and sometimes have spines. The leaves are in 2 rows arranged alternately. The leaves are oval and vary in size. The blade is 3.5-8.5 cm long by 2.5-5.5 cm wide. They are light green above and paler underneath. The veins form a network and are prominent underneath the leaf. The tip is pointed. The flowers are tiny and cream with male and female flowers on separate trees. They are 0.1-0.2 cm long and in clusters in the axils of leaves. There are more male flowers than female. The fruit is a round fleshy berry. It is 0.5-0.8 cm across. The fruit are white when ripe and contain 3-4 small seeds. The fruit is edible.
Edible Uses
The ripe fruit is eaten raw and is especially popular with children. The leaves are cooked and eaten as a vegetable.
Traditional Uses
The ripe fruit is eaten raw. Caution: The fruit should probably not be eaten in large amounts due to alkaloids. CAUTION: The bark and probably the leaves contain poisonous alkaloids. The leaves are cooked and eaten as a vegetable.
Medicinal Uses
The plant is widely used in traditional medicine, being employed in the treatment of many different conditions. All parts of the plant are used, but the root is considered the most active part. A range of medically active compounds have been identified in the plant including tannins and several alkaloids. Securine is the main alkaloid present, and as many as ten alkaloids closely related to it have been determined present in the plant. The alkaloids, viroallosecurinine, virosecurinine and virosine, have been recorded from the leaves. Ethanol and chloroform extracts of the plant have shown significant antimicrobial activities, and moderate antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activities. A methanol extract of the dried fruit pulp and the ethanolic root extract have shown significant antifungal activities against Trichytum mentagrophytes and Candida albicans. Methanol and water extracts of the leaves have shown strong antimalarial activity, significantly inhibiting the growth of Plasmodium falciparumin vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Bergenin has shown an inhibitory effect on the growth of the bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei. It has also shown significant anti-arrhythmic activity in rats and has good potential for treating cardiac arrhythmias. Bergenin has also shown a significant lipid-lowering and atherogenic index decrease in hyperlipidaemic rats. Bergenin is also extracted from other plant species; in Asia especially it is used for many pharmacological purposes, several of which are in line with traditional uses of this species in Africa. Oral administration of bergenin has shown significant protection against pylorus-ligated and aspirin-induced gastric ulcers in rats and cold restraint stress-induced gastric ulcers in rats and guinea pigs. Alcoholic leaf extracts showed significant cytotoxicity in different tumourcell lines in vitro. Virosecurinine was primarily responsible for the cytotoxicity; viroallosecurinine was only cytotoxic to one of the cell lines. A root bark extract and a total alkaloid preparation caused a transient fall in arterial blood pressure in dogs. Extracts of roots and root bark had a slightly depressive action on the isolated intestine of rabbits, which rapidly normalized. The extracts showed weak haemolytic activity. An aqueous root extract showed a slight activity in the oral glucose tolerance test in rabbits, but did not lower blood glucose below fasting levels in either the fed or fasted state. The root is the most commonly used and most pharmacologically active part of the plant. It is seen as analgesic, astringent, ophthalmic, purgative, sedative and soporific. It is used by itself or in conjunction with other plants, often to provide synergistic effect for liver, bile, kidney and urino-genital complaints, diuresis, renal stone, schistosomiasis, rheumatism, venereal diseases, orchitis, dysmenorrhoea, frigidity, sterility, arthritis, etc. Water in which the roots have been boiled is taken as a treatment for schistosomiasis, stomach aches, dysmenorrhoea, and is given to nursing mothers whose milk is unsuited for the child, or whose baby is sickly at birth or to mothers who have still-born babies; it is also used for treating infestation of intestinal worms and for infected ears. Combined with Anacardium occidentale it is seen as an aphrodisiac and an elixir of longevity. The root-sap, combined with fat, is a recognised soothing ointment. The powdered charcoal is used as a cicatrizant on wounds. All parts of the plant are used in China to treat eczema, rheumatoid arthritis etc. The leaves are considered aphrodisiac and laxative. They are used to treat fevers, venereal disease and constipation. A leaf-macerate is added to baths and applied in massage as a stimulant in the treatment of fatigue and stiffness. A leaf-decoction is used in draughts or baths for treating fevers. A warm paste made from the leaves is an excellent wound-healer. The leaf-sap is used in the treatment of epilepsy and, combined with other plants, is used as a tranquilliser in cases of insanity. The leaf-sap, or the leaf mashed into a paste with tobacco, is applied externally to destroy worms in sores. A two hour hot water infusion of the whole plant is said to be stimulant when taken as a broth. A decoction of the plant is used as a lotion to impart strength. The bark is astringent. In some areas it is considered too poisonous to use medicinally, whilst in others it is used even in children’s medicine. The fruit, mixed with pulses, is eaten to relieve digestive disorders. Women are said to eat the fruit in order to promote fertility.
Known Hazards
The fruit should probably not be eaten in large amounts due to alkaloids. The bark and probably the leaves contain poisonous alkaloids.
Distribution
A tropical plant. It suits tropical or subtropical places. It grows in coastal monsoon vine thickets. It is usually on sandy soil. It grows in dryland areas. It grows in the Sahel. It occurs in deciduous woodland and on rocky outcrops. It does best in well-drained soils but will grow in sandy and dry soils. It can tolerate drought. It is best in neutral or alkaline soils. It can tolerate salty conditions. It is sensitive to frost. It grows on river flats and well drained rocky slopes. It can grow in hot arid places. It needs an annual rainfall above 150 mm. It needs a sunny position. In Ethiopia it grows between 400-2,050 m altitude. It can grow in arid places. In Yunnan.
Where It Grows
Africa, Angola, Arabia, Asia, Australia, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central Africa, Central African Republic, CAR, Chad, China, Comoros, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, East Africa, East Timor, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinée, Guinea-Bissau, Himalayas, India, Indochina, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Japan, Kenya, Laos, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Middle East, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, North Africa, North America, Northeastern India, Pacific, Papua New Guinea, PNG, Philippines, Polynesia, Reunion, Rwanda, Sahel, Saudi Arabia, SE Asia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Southern Africa, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Uganda, West Africa, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
Cultivation
Plants can be grown from seed. These should have the pulp washed off. Plants can develop a suckering habit if subject to constant fires. Plants should be spaced 2-3 m apart. If they are used for a hedge a spacing of 50 cm is suitable.
Other Uses
Twigs are cut and used as toothbrushes. The bark contains up to 8.9% tannins. A black dye obtained from the bark is used for dyeing matting. A black dye obtained from the leaves is used to dye palm-fibres. It is considered of low quality as it gives an irregular colour. A red dye is obtained by pounding the fruit in a little hot water. The dye can be used as red ink[299. 332]. The wood-ash is used to clean milk-containers. A gum is obtained from the stems which has been used for sealing envelopes. The pounded leaves are used as an insect repellent. The tough virgate stems are commonly used to make beds, fishing-stakes, wicker-traps, walking sticks, for part of roof-structures of Fula huts, to reinforce granaries, etc. They are woven into 'shelves' and also split for use in basketry. The reddish-yellow wood is fine-textured, close-grained, hard, strong, elastic and is said to be durable. The wood, especially from plants in W. Africa, is usually too small to be of much use apart from fuel, but when large enough it is used to make items such as chair-legs and kitchen utensils, or as poles for huts. The wood is a good fuel and is also used to make charcoal. With its attractive foliage and white waxy berries, the bushy nature of the plant ideally lends itself to use as an ornamental hedge. Where growing wild, the plant is seen as an indicator of ground water.
Production
It is fast growing.
Other Information
The fruit are popular. The ripe fruit are eaten especially by children.
Notes
Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides is now recognised as an accepted name.
Nutrition
| Part | Moisture | kJ | kcal | Protein | Vit A | Vit C | Iron | Zinc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fruit | 75.9 | 476 | 114 | 1.4 | — | 1 | 8.9 | 0.3 |
| Fruit raw | 83.3 | 112 | 27 | 1.3 | — | 40 | 0.9 | — |
| Fruit stewed | 85.7 | 96 | 23 | 1.1 | — | 31 | 0.8 | — |
Synonyms
Also Known As
Akano, Anbamar, Aramia, Awagino, Bakarcha, Bhubhubhu, Bilihooli, Changaume, Chong belut, Dalme, Dieng-krong-wait-lam, Dumikron, Hepata, Horte, Ikelebuki, Iktibi, Imer, Irubulai, Janjingi, Kagena, Kago, Kamemena, Kang pla, Kanilehya, Kau kara, Kecacule, Kodarsi, Kon-chinya, Kottagom, Kudjung, Latian, Mai-kang-pa, Mantel-kung, Maparangasa, Mavhelematshema, Mekarayi, Mkwamba, Mkwambakwamba, Mkwamba dume, M'palo, Mkwamba, Mkwambekwambe, Monwana, Motatana, Motatang, Motlhalabu, Mpombona, Mserechete, Muchagauwe, Mudyambuzi, Mugurumhanda, mu-Kuuru, Mukuluu, Mukururu, Mukwamba, Muruturu, Musangaoma, Mushagahuwe, Mushikiti, Musosoti, Mutangauma, Muzurumbu, Nkanaa, N'tiele, Nundhiki, Panbiri, Pangharphali, Parntirringa, Paropo, Patala, Perinklavu, Petuni, Phalame, Pisrungi, Pithondi, Pithoni, Pomboma, Prembilutan, Qatchechelo, Remrehorte, Rithoul, Sai-sek, Sai-siak, Sefamaeba, Shasha, Shikuri, Shinwi, Sigar jalak, Sisian, Snowberry, Snowberry tree, Sugane, Sulamunta, Tella pulcheri, Thumri, Tingroi, Tokphal, Trembilutan, Umhagawuwe, Umklankomo, Vellaippula, Vellapula, Wak, Waradhula, Wart-stem, White-berry bush, Ye-chinya, Ye-gyin-ya
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