Lactuca quercina
L.
Wild Lettuce
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(c) Gennadiy Okatov, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC), uploaded by Gennadiy Okatov
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(c) Sergey Mayorov, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC), uploaded by Sergey Mayorov
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(c) Denys Davydov, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC), uploaded by Denys Davydov
Description
Lactuca quercina is a ANNUAL/BIENNIAL growing to 1 m (3ft 3in). The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and is pollinated by Insects. Suitable for: light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Suitable pH: mildly acid, neutral and basic (mildly alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers moist soil.
Edible Uses
Leaves - raw or cooked.
Medicinal Uses
Hypnotic Sedative. The whole plant is rich in a milky sap that flows freely from any wounds. This hardens and dries when in contact with the air. The sap contains 'lactucarium', which is used in medicine for its anodyne, antispasmodic, digestive, diuretic, hypnotic, narcotic and sedative properties[9, 21, 46, 165, 192, 213, 238]. Lactucarium has the effects of a feeble opium, but without its tendency to cause digestive upsets, nor is it addictive. It is taken internally in the treatment of insomnia, anxiety, neuroses, hyperactivity in children, dry coughs, whooping cough, rheumatic pain etc. Concentrations of lactucarium are low in young plants and most concentrated when the plant comes into flower. It is collected commercially by cutting the heads of the plants and scraping the juice into china vessels several times a day until the plant is exhausted. An infusion of the fresh or dried flowering plant can also be used. The plant should be used with caution, and never without the supervision of a skilled practitioner. Even normal doses can cause drowsiness whilst excess causes restlessness and overdoses can cause death through cardiac paralysis. Some physicians believe that any effects of this medicine are caused by the mind of the patient rather than by the medicine. The sap has also been applied externally in the treatment of warts.
Known Hazards
Although no specific mention of toxicity has been seen for this species, many plants in this genus contain a narcotic principle, this is at its most concentrated when the plant begins to flower. This principle has been almost bred out of the cultivated forms of lettuce but is produced when the plant starts to go to seed.
Distribution
Europe.
Where It Grows
TEMPERATE ASIA: Turkey (east), Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia (Ciscaucasia), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia TROPICAL ASIA: India (Jammu and Kashmir) EUROPE: Sweden (Gotlands län), Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Slovakia, Russian Federation-European part (European part (c. & s.)), Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine (incl. Krym), Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Croatia, Italy, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, France
Cultivation
Prefers a light sandy loam. Requires a nitrogen-rich soil. Cultivated, especially in France. (Is this for its medicinal properties?)
Propagation
Seed - sow spring in situ and only just cover the seed. Germination is usually fairly quick.
