Pinus cembra sibirica - (DuTour.)Krylov

(DuTour.)Krylov

Siberian Pine

Pinaceae Edible: Oil, Seed Potential hazards — see below

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Description

Pinus cembra sibirica is an evergreen Tree growing to 30 m (98ft 5in) at a slow rate. See above for USDA hardiness. It is hardy to UK zone 1. It is in leaf all year, in flower from May to June, and the seeds ripen in September. The species is monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant) and is pollinated by Wind. The plant is not self-fertile. Suitable for: light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils, prefers well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. Suitable pH: mildly acid and neutral soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought.

Edible Uses

Oil. Seed - raw or cooked[1, 2, 4, 34, 177, 183]. An important local food source in Siberia and China, the oil-rich seed has a delicious flavour with a slight taste of turpentine. A reasonable size, it is about 10mm x 8 mm. A vanillin flavouring is obtained as a by-product of other resins that are released from the pulpwood. Carbon Farming - Staple Crop: protein-oil.

Medicinal Uses

The turpentine obtained from the resin of all pine trees is antiseptic, diuretic, rubefacient and vermifuge. It is a valuable remedy used internally in the treatment of kidney and bladder complaints and is used both internally and as a rub and steam bath in the treatment of rheumatic affections. It is also very beneficial to the respiratory system and so is useful in treating diseases of the mucous membranes and respiratory complaints such as coughs, colds, influenza and TB. Externally it is a very beneficial treatment for a variety of skin complaints, wounds, sores, burns, boils etc and is used in the form of liniment plasters, poultices, herbal steam baths and inhalers.

Known Hazards

The wood, sawdust and resins from various species of pine can cause dermatitis in sensitive people.

Distribution

E. Asia - Siberia to China.

Where It Grows

EUROPE: Austria, Switzerland, Germany (south), Poland (southwest), Slovakia (east), Ukraine (west), Italy (north), Romania, France (southeast),

Cultivation

Thrives in a light well-drained sandy or gravelly loam. Dislikes poorly drained moorland soils - this report conflicts with the plants reported natural habitat of wet soils. Established plants tolerate drought. Plants are slow growing in cultivation. Leaf secretions inhibit the germination of seeds, thereby inhibiting the growth of other plants below the tree. Plants are strongly outbreeding, self-fertilized seed usually grows poorly. They hybridize freely with other members of this genus. The cones do not open, seed is extracted by breaking up the soft scales of the cone. This plant is seen as a distinct species by some botanists, differing from P. cembra in its larger cones and by having 3 resin canals instead of one in each leaf. Plants in this genus are notably susceptible to honey fungus. Climate: boreal to warm temperate. Humidity: semi-arid to humid. Trees can live for 500 years. One tree can yield 1,000-1,500 cones in a year. Each cone contains 80-140 seeds. Seeds take 2 years to ripen. Carbon farming - Cultivation: minor global crop. Management: standard. An evergreen.

Propagation

It is best to sow the seed in individual pots in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe if this is possible otherwise in late winter. A short stratification of 6 weeks at 4°c can improve the germination of stored seed. Plant seedlings out into their permanent positions as soon as possible and protect them for their first winter or two. Plants have a very sparse root system and the sooner they are planted into their permanent positions the better they will grow. Trees should be planted into their permanent positions when they are quite small, between 30 and 90cm. We actually plant them out when they are about 5 - 10cm tall. So long as they are given a very good weed-excluding mulch they establish very well. Larger trees will check badly and hardly put on any growth for several years. This also badly affects root development and wind resistance. Cuttings. This method only works when taken from very young trees less than 10 years old. Use single leaf fascicles with the base of the short shoot. Disbudding the shoots some weeks before taking the cuttings can help. Cuttings are normally slow to grow away.

Other Uses

Dye Herbicide Oil WoodA tan or green dye is obtained from the needles. The needles contain a substance called terpene, this is released when rain washes over the needles and it has a negative effect on the germination of some plants, including wheat. Turpentine is obtained from the leaves. Oleo-resins are present in the tissues of all species of pines, but these are often not present in sufficient quantity to make their extraction economically worthwhile. The resins are obtained by tapping the trunk, or by destructive distillation of the wood. In general, trees from warmer areas of distribution give the higher yields. Turpentine consists of an average of 20% of the oleo-resin and is separated by distillation. Turpentine has a wide range of uses including as a solvent for waxes etc, for making varnish, medicinal etc. Rosin is the substance left after turpentine is removed. This is used by violinists on their bows and also in making sealing wax, varnish etc. Pitch can also be obtained from the resin and is used for waterproofing, as a wood preservative etc. Wood - soft, easily worked. The timber is used for construction, furniture, turnery etc.