Tagetes patula

Tagetes patula, the French marigold, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to Mexico and Guatemala with several naturalised populations in many other countries. It is widely cultivated as an easily grown bedding plant with hundreds of cultivars, which often have bright yellow to orange flowers. Some authorities regard Tagetes patula as a synonym of Tagetes erecta, the Mexican marigold.

Description

A herb. It is smaller than Tagetes erecta. It grows 20-50 cm high and spreads 15-30 cm wide. The stems are round and purple. The leaves are divided into leaflets along the stalk. The segments are sword shaped and they have narrow teeth. The flowers can have reddish-brown colours. They can occur singly or in clusters.

Edible Uses

The flowers are used in refreshing drinks, and the leaves are used as a food flavouring. The essential oil serves as a food flavouring, though it is considered inferior to the oil from T. minuta. Dried flowers are used as an adulterant of saffron (Crocus sativus) to colour foods yellow.

Traditional Uses

The leaves are used as a spice or flavouring. The dried flowers are used to colour butter and cheese. The flowers are used for a tea.

This uses section is brief — help expand it

Medicinal Uses

The whole herb is aromatic, digestive, diuretic, and sedative. It is taken internally to treat indigestion, colic, severe constipation, coughs, and dysentery. External uses include treatment of sore eyes and rheumatism. Leaves can be harvested fresh as needed during the growing season, or the flowering plant may be dried and stored for later use.

Distribution

A tropical plant. It suits hardiness zones 11-12.

Where It Grows

Africa, Asia, Australia, Caribbean, Caucasus, Central Africa, Central America, China, Congo, Gabon, Georgia, Guatemala*, Hawaii, India, Korea, Mexico*, Myanmar, New Zealand, Niue, North America, Pacific, SE Asia, Slovenia, USA,

Cultivation

Requires a well-drained moderately fertile soil in a sunny position. Grows well in heavy clay soils and in sandy soils. A very ornamental plant, there are many named varieties. A good butterfly plant. Removing dead flowers before the seed is formed will extend the flowering season. The bruised leaves emit a refreshing pungent smell. Plants are prone to slugs, snails and botrytis. The French marigold is often used as a companion plant, especially for growing amongst tomatoes and potatoes where it helps to repel pests. See 'Other uses' below for more details. Tagetes patula (French Marigold) is self-fertile, meaning it can produce seeds from its own pollen without requiring cross-pollination. However, like many Tagetes species, it is also pollinated by insects, which can enhance seed production. This makes it a reliable seed-producing plant even when grown in isolation.

Propagation

Sow seed in March in a greenhouse, barely covering it. Germination typically occurs within 2 weeks. When seedlings are large enough to handle, prick them out into individual pots and plant outside after the last expected frosts.

Other Uses

Secretions from the roots of growing plants have an insecticidal effect on the soil against nematodes and keeled slugs, developing about 3–4 months after sowing. The whole plant is harvested in flower and distilled for its essential oil, which is used in perfumery — blended with sandalwood oil to produce the perfume known as 'attar genda'. Approximately 35 kilos of oil can be extracted from 1 hectare of the plant, which yields around 2,500 kilos of flowers and 25,000 kilos of herbage. The whole plant contains substances toxic to cockroaches. Growing the plant near tomatoes repels whitefly. A yellow dye obtained from the flowers is used to colour foods and textiles, and the flowers are sometimes used as an adulterant of saffron.

Notes

There are about 50 Tagetes species.

Also Known As

French marigold, Genda, Gendu, Guljaphini, Imeretian saffron, Kongquecao, Machamul, Peacock plant, Rjavkasta žametnica, Sweet Mace, Taugla

References (19)

• Ambasta, S.P. (Ed.), 2000, The Useful Plants of India. CSIR India. p 617
• Benvenuti, S. & Mazzoncini, M., 2021, The Biodiversity of Edible Flowers: Discovering New Tastes and New Health Benefits. Frontiers in Plant Science Article 569499.
• Bremness, L., 1994, Herbs. Collins Eyewitness Handbooks. Harper Collins. p 272
• Bussman, R. W., et al, 2016, A comparative ethnobotany of Khevsureti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Tusheti, Svaneti, and Racha-Lechkhumi, Republic of Georgia (Sakartvelo), Caucasus. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:4
• Bussman, R. W. et al, 2017, Ethnobotany of Samtskhe-Javakheti, Sakartvelo (Republic of Georgia), Caucasus. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 16(1) pp 7-24

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